The theme of war has always captured the imagination of cinematigraphers.Azerbaijani filmmakers are no exception.World War II or what Soviets usually refer to as the "Great Patriotic War" (1941-1945) broke out rather unexpectantly on June 22, 1941. Although Azerbaijan never became a combat zone, the republik suffered tremendous loses. Between 1940-1946, the population deslined more than half a million people from 3.27 million to 2.73 million.In other words, one out of every six Azerbaijans became a victim of the war. Depicting war has always interested Azerbaijani and other Soviet filmmakers from two angles.First of all, they were keen to reflect the process of war directly by showing actual battle scenes. Secondly, they sought to examine it from its psychological impact on the population.
   Actually, it was wery difficult for Azerbaijani filmmakers to film battlefield scenes.There's hardly a single Azerbaijani movie which reflects actual events or, for that matter, even stged battle scenes. Either the projects were too complicated or, perhaps, the filmmakers simply didin't take enough initiative. But there were other factors that influenced this decision as well. First of all, making such films was extremely expensive. The national film "Azerbaijanfilm" was only allotted funds for four or five films each year.Financial support for any grand-scale epic project was always difficult to obtain.
   But, there was also the issue of jealousy which must not be underestimated. The theme of war was monopolized by Russian cinematography.Only the "older brother" (meaning Russians) could be shown as war heroes. They were the only ones allowed to be shown defeating the the the enemy. The "younger brothers" (meaning, the other republics) could only take minor parts despite the critical role that Azerbaijans and other nationalities played in winning the war. Simply, the main heroes were written into cinematic histoty as Russian.
   "Azerbaijanfilm" did manage to produce two films about World War II heroes.The first was entitled "On Distant Shores"(1958) and dircted by Tofig Taghyzadeh.It describes the heroic deeds of Mehdi Huseynzadeh who was wounded near Stalingrad and taken prisoner by the Germans.He later escaped and joined the partisan effotrt, using his knowledge of the German officer and carry out resistance efforts.He died during one of these operations.In the movie, the well-known N.Shashygoghlu plays Huseynzadeh and Gara Garayev,one of Azerbaijan's foremost composers, wrote the music. Twenty seven years later, Rasim Ismayilov made the movie "I Loved You My Whole Heart"(1985) which depicted the life of the great Azerbaijani General Hazi Aslanov.
   But these two films are about the extent to which movies with battle scenes were produced in Azerbaijan. Of course, war is not only the story of generals and soldiers, or of blood, fire and destruction.War is the story of fear and powerlessness and the bitterness of grief and sorrow.It is the intense examination of some of the hardest questions posed by life itself- those which have no concrete answers or which are totally unanswerable.Azerbaijani films often touched on these crucial themes. Sometimes they succeeded in finding simple objects to express the tragedy of war even more effectively than if they had assecc to a vast array of artillery stretched over a wide landscape. "The Cherry Tree," directed by Tofig Ismayilov, is the story of an old man-Gulam Kishi-and the cherry tree which grew in his garden.As the story opens, the village children consider Gulam their best friend.But as the war wears on,Gulam directs his kindness and affection to his cherry tree, shielding the tree from the chidren who are starving.In the process, Gulam becomes very aggressive and eventually is seen as the enemy of the children.
   The movie shows how war can destroy even the most tender and gentle feelings, as well as most basic moral values of being human. Another interesting movie about the war was "Our Jabish Muallim"(1970) directed by Hasan Seyidbayli.This film shows the war from the perspective of the generations of people who were physically unable to go to battle.Jabish is teacher.His eyesight is weak and prevents him from going to war.Nevertheless, he tries his best to assist the war effort.One day, he discovers how to make soap- a much needed commodity both at the front and at home.
   A charlatan named Abulfaz finds out and speaks to Jabish's wife, schemong ways to buy the soap and sell it on the black market.Jabish's family to the plan.As the film develops, the viewers are led to believe the story will turn out in favor of Abulfaz and Jabish's wife.At the very last moment, however, Jabish succeeds in sending the soap to the soldiers at the front. This film tries to reflect how you can't judge people from their appearances-nor can you always distinguish who is strong and who is weak. Azerbaijanis have expression, "It's impossible to build a Chinese wall between the two." As a character, Jabish is obviously weak.He has to struggle to support his family.On the other hand, his lofty feelings and great patience enable him to remain resolute and carry out his goals.
   The subject of the deprivation caused by the war was examined by Shamil Mahmudbayov in the movie, "The Shared Bread"(1971). This film tells the story of children who weren't even able to find a morsel of bread to ear durring the war .Vagif is 12 years old. His father is at war and his mother, on a business trip. The youth has lost his ration card, but doesn't want the other boys living in the same courtyard to feel any obligation to share their bread with him.He is too pround;begging for something to eat would contradict his nature.Besides, he realizes it would not be easy to gain the right to share the bread.Vagif fids a way to work for people and earn his own bread rather than beg. One interesting episodre in the film shows a young girl who has no doll. She tries the water tap,tying her scarf around it. But the lower part of the tap makes the doll's nose appear too long.Then,she experiments with substituting other things to make her own doll.She tries the water tap, tying her scarf around it.But the lowr part of the tap makes the doll's nose appear too long.Then,she experiments with her knee, tying the kerchief around it and drawing eyes and a nose.Her simple creation brings her great satisfaction.This doll scene may well be one of the most memorable in all of Azerbaijani cinema. In "The Sound of the Pipe"(1975),directed by Rasim Ojagov, the problem of war is viewed from the perspective of love.Almost all of the men of the village are at the battlefront.The women who stayed in the village are working night andday to support their efforts.Children wake up in the middle of the night,crying for bread.All of the villagers feel anxious for their sons;wives,for their husbands and children, for their fathers.
   When Sayali's husband dies at the ront,her husband's friend Jabrayil proposes to her.The people of the village are furious. Jabrayil's brothers leave home,convnced that their family has been disgrased.One brother goes crazy;the other falls ill and dies. The only person who dosen't blame Jabrayil is the is the "agsaggal"(the wise old man) of the village-Isfandiyar Kishi.In this film, not a single sound of weaponry is heard,not are any battle scenes depicted,yet we still witness the inherent tragedy of war. So far, only one film,"Faryad"(meaning loud cry) concerns the Garabagh War with Armenians which has been going on since 1988. A brusque, heavy-set Armenian officer sees a 5-year-old child playing with a toy gun and gathers the child in his arms, points to an Azerbaijani hostage and says,"Do you see him?He is your enemy.You must kill him.Otherwise, he will kill you." In contranst to this scene, another character, Ismayil, an Azerbaijani, is being held captive by an Armebian officer. The soldiers torture Ismayil, beating and kicking him.Despite the physical pain, he dosen't consider it as brutal as the time when he saw an Azerbaijani girl being raped and brutally murdered.In another scene, he is pained by overhearring Armenians in another room celebrating the capture of the Azerbaijani towns of Khojali and Shusha which were major towns inside the region of Daghlyg- Garabagh where all azerbaijanis were forced to flee or be killed by approaching Armenian troops. Meanwhile Ismayil tries to to revenge his situation.He slips off bed, crawls towards a box of mathes and gathering all the loose papers he can find,manages to start a fire.Upon succeeding he breathes a sigh of relief, pleased with his small victory. Succenly,he hears a child crying upstairs.He realizes he has endangered the life of an innocent child. This scene from "Faryad" brings to mind what Anar, a famous Azerbaijani writer once said;""If a soldier dosen't have a feelding of hatred, he won't be able to fight.But a soldier should confine his hatred to the soldiers of the enemy and not to the entire nation."

Alisaftar Mursaloghlu, screenwriter and journalist, lives in Baku.